Software Quality Measures

Defining Software Quality Measures - Computer Science ...

The software quality assurance (SQA) plan is an outline of quality measures to ensure quality levels within a software development effort. The plan is used as a baseline to compare the actual buy 300 instagram likes levels of quality during development with the planned levels of quality. If the levels buy monthly instagram likes of quality are not within the planned quality levels, management will respond appropriately as documented within the plan. The plan provides the framework and guidelines for development best website to buy instagram likes of understandable and maintainable code. These ingredients help ensure the quality sought in a software project. An SQA plan also provides the procedures for ensuring that quality software will be produced or maintained in-house or under contract. These procedures affect planning, designing, writing, testing, how to buy instagram likes and followers documenting, storing, and maintaining computer software. It should be organized in this way because the plan ensures the quality of the software rather than describing specific procedures for developing and maintaining it. Although I thought I understood the importance of quality, where can i buy instagram likes and took pride in the quality of the software we produced, I never believed that delivering defect-free software was possible. After all, everyone knows that all software has lots of bugs, right? Well, buy followers and likes for instagram no, not necessarily! Certainly, most experiences with today's software quality are not encouraging. Although few people can name even one piece of software which they use that has no bugs, defect-free software is possible to create. We know it is possible, instagram likes and followers buy because we're doing it. It started with a single engineer. If you find during testing that a certain module or area of the application is particularly error-prone, don’t only focus on fixing the bugs. Instead, take the time to look into the development process and work with team members to understand why that buy instagram followers with likes area has more bugs. That way you can find the underlying causes and address those by improving your process. It could be as simple as a teaching opportunity for a junior developer or as complex as an underlying buy 300 instagram likes problem with your code review process. Remember, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Enough context, though. Let’s dive into the specific steps of a typical testing cycle. For smaller projects, you won’t necessarilybuy likes on instagram fast delivery need them all, but we’ll cover them all for thoroughness.

Importance of Documentation:

In all the Quality Management Processes special emphasis is put buy auto instagram likes on documentation. Many software shops fail to document the project at various levels. Consider a scenario where the Requirements where to buy likes for instagram of the Software Project are not sufficiently documented. In this case it is quiet possible that the client has a set of expectations and the tester may not know about them. Hence the testing instagram followers and likes buy team would not be able test the software developed for these expectations or requirements. This may lead to poor “Software Quality” as the product does not meet the buy instagram automatic likes expectations. Similarly consider a scenario where the development team does not document the buy 100 likes instagram installation instructions. If a different person or a team is responsible for future installations how can i buy instagram likes they may end up making mistakes during installation, thereby failing to deliver as promised. Once again consider a scenario where a tester fails to document the test results after executing the test cases. This may lead to instagram buy followers and likes confusion later. If there were an error, we would not be sure at what stage the error was introduced in the software at a component level or when integrating it with another how do i buy instagram likes component or due to environment on a particular server etc. Hence documentation is the key for future analysis instagram likes buy fastand all Quality Management efforts.

Obtain Management Acceptance

Management participation is necessary for the successful implementation buy twitter followers of an SQA plan. Management is responsible for both ensuring the quality of a software project and for providing buy twitter followers cheap the resources needed for software development. The level of management commitment required for implementing an SQA plan depends on the scope of the project. If a project spans organizational boundaries, buy real twitter followers approval should be obtained from all affected departments. Once approval has been obtained, buy followers on twitter the SQA plan is placed under configuration control. In the management approval process, how to buy twitter followers management relinquishes tight control over software quality to the SQA plan administrator in exchange for improved twitter followers buy software quality. Software quality is often left to software developers. Quality is desirable, but management may express concern as to the cost of a formal buy cheap twitter followers SQA plan. Staff should be aware that management views the program as a means of ensuring software quality, and not as an end in itself. To address management concerns, buy more twitter followers software life-cycle costs should be formally estimated for projects implemented both with and without how to buy followers on twitter a formal SQA plan. In general, buy twitter followers for $5 implementing a formal SQA plan makes economic and management sense.

Obtain Development Acceptance

Because the software development and maintenance personnel buy 100 twitter followers are the primary users of an SQA plan, their approval and cooperation in implementing the plan buy targeted twitter followers are essential. The software project team members must adhere to the project SQA plan; everyone must accept buy twitter followers for 5 it and follow it. No SQA plan is successfully implemented without the involvement of the software team buy 500 twitter followers members and their managers in the development of the plan. Because project teams generally have only a few members,can you buy twitter followers all team members should actively participate in writing buy active twitter followers the SQA plan. When projects become much larger (i.e., encompassing entire divisions or departments), buy real twitter followers cheap representatives of project subgroups should provide input. Constant feedback from representatives to team members helps gain acceptance of the plan.

Plan for Implementation of the SQA Plan

The process of planning, formulating, and drafting an SQA plan buy twitter followers without following requires staff and word-processing resources. The individual responsible for implementing where to buy twitter followers an SQA plan must have access to these resources. In addition, buy followers twitter the commitment of resources requires management approval and, consequently, buy real active twitter followers management support. To facilitate resource allocation, management should be made aware of any project risks can you buy followers on twitter that may impede the implementation best site to buy twitter followers process (e.g., limited availability of staff or equipment). A schedule for drafting, buy twitter followers review reviewing, and approving the SQA plan should be developed.

Execute the SQA Plan

The actual process of executing an SQA plan by the software development best place to buy twitter followers and maintenance team involves determining necessary how do you buy twitter followers audit points for monitoring it. The auditing function must be scheduled during the implementation phase of the software product so that improper monitoring how do you buy followers on twitter of the software project will not hurt the SQA plan. Audit points should occur either periodically during buy 1000 twitter followers development or at specific project milestones (e.g., at major reviews buy 200 twitter followers or when part of the project is delivered).

Tips for doing the exercise

The first answer is obviously correct but needs elaboration. It is not just a matter twitter buy followers of meeting any set of requirements. It is a question of whose requirements should be met [Weinberg]. The customers buy fake twitter followers paying for the software may have requirements that differ slightly from those of the actual users buy twitter accounts with followers of the software. In addition, system operators, system administrators, developers maintaining the current release of the software, should i buy twitter followers and developers preparing the next release are likely to have very different requirements buy twitter followers no password from the users of the software. Therefore, we have to concede that the second answer above is correct too. We need to buy twitter followers for cheap address the question in step 1 of the exercise from the perspective of the different buy permanent twitter followers roles and stakeholders in the project. One simple way of thinking buy real followers on twitter about this is to split quality characteristics into two categories: external and internal

External Quality

Ask the users of a software product whether they think it is of buy followers for twitter high quality and they will answer based on externally observable attributes of the software. It is likely to be considered of low quality if it hangs or crashes too often, buy 1 million twitter followers is too slow in producing results, or sometimes produces the wrong results, if it does not work well with other pieces of software, or if it has an overcomplicated or tedious user interface. In contrast, buy 10000 twitter followers if a piece of software does what it should reasonably quickly under normal circumstances, handles abnormal circumstances gracefully, works well with other software components, buy twitter account with followers and is relatively easy to use then it is likely to be considered high quality. The relative importance of these various factors obviously differs for different types of software but it can also vary for different kinds buy twitter followers 5 of user. For example, occasional users may value ease of use over performance but everyday users may value performance over ease of use. A particular functional defect might be buy followers on twitter cheap of no importance to users doing one kind of work but critical to users doing another.

Internal Quality

While those responsible for maintaining and further developing the software are buy twitter followers fast just as concerned about externally visible quality factors, they are also interested in internal quality factors such as modularity buy twitter followers instantly and extensibility. Are the design and the source code easily understood, for example? Do they comply with accepted buy twitter followers $5 standards, patterns, and best practices? Over time most developers come to realise that internal quality characteristics are essential to maintaining external quality buy real twitter followers no botscharacteristics. Initially a piece of software with low internal quality may exhibit high external quality. However, buy instant twitter followers unless the internal quality is improved, the external quality eventually suffers as developers continue buy twitter followers reviews to fix bugs and add new features. This is where refactoring becomes truly useful. Refactoring is about making improvements to the internal structure of a piece of code without changing its external behavior [Fowler]. Of course, buy instagram and twitter followers if we can start with high internal quality then the amount of significant refactoring needed is likely to be reduced. In incremental or iterative development, maintaining internal quality becomes even more important. In fact, buy instagram likes to be able to maintain a high level of functional correctness and performance of a software product throughout an aggressive release schedule demands an equal emphasis on maintaining the internal quality and conceptual integrity of that software. To quote buy likes on instagram a very cringey old television advert from Singapore, "Wellness comes from within". Just as with external quality, the relative importance of the different internal quality factors buy 50 instagram likes of a piece of software depends on the type of software involved.

The following are some proven strategies for the early detection of problems in internal and external quality.

Use a highly iterative process.

Shorten the duration of each of the analysis, design, implement, buy instagram followers and likes test cycles by using a highly iterative process. A traditional waterfall process that does all the analysis first, followed by all the design, then all the coding, buy 100 instagram likes and then all the testing, obviously has the longest possible 'distance' between the end of an analysis, design and implementation activity and the start of the testing and review how to buy instagram likes activities where analysis, design and coding defects may be identified. A highly iterative development process breaks down the deliverables of a software project into small pieces and applies the development process buy instagram likes spread to each of those small pieces. Therefore, using a highly iterative process means that the analysis, design and coding of each piece reaches testing and review much quicker. Analysis,buy instagram likes fast design, implementation, and testing activities are never done in a pure sequence. However, as my old economics lecturer used to say 'lets assume the curve on the graph is really a straight line to make the math easier; it's the economic buy 20 instagram likes principle at this point that is important not the details of the math'. So, for the purposes of this discussion, I am making an analogous simplification and ignoring iteration within and between analysis, buy instagram likes fast delivery design, implementation, and testing, assuming that they are roughly performed or, at least, completed in a sequence. The longer the possible 'distance' between introducing a defect and identifying it, buy instagram likes and followers the more formal the process needed for bug reporting, tracking, fiing and re-testing because more people and longer intervals buy likes instagram of time are involved. It follows therefore that we can realistically expect highly incremental and iterative processes to require less formality than their waterfall-style cousins buy likes for instagram precisely because they significantly reduce this 'distance'.

Use collaborative analysis and design sessions

Design is all about examining the trade-offs between various alternatives and picking the one that best solves the problem under consideration. Picking an inappropriate solution can lead buy instant instagram likes to considerable amounts of rework and refactoring later on. Good designs earlier means less refactoring, less rework, and high internal quality earlier, making it easier to achieve high can you buy likes on instagram external quality earlier. Human beings, even the best of us, are fallible and have off days. However, in many software development organizations individuals are expected to makeinstagram likes buy significant design decisions almost every day. Sometimes mistakes are picked up at design reviews but surprisingly few organizations practice these. Even when the mistake is caught in a review it how do you buy likes on instagram often means a significant amount of time has already been lost. An alternative approach is to use collaborative design sessions where design is done in small teams around flip charts or white boards such as in FDD's Design By Feature process. More minds applied buy 50 likes on instagram means more ideas considered, more alternatives eamined, more chance of a truly elegant solution, and less chance of significant design mistakes. However, for collaborative design sessions to be more productive thaninstagram buy likes individuals working separately requires discipline and management. Facilitating team design sessions and knowing when to work buy auto likes on instagram together and when to work separately can i buy likes on instagram is a highly valuable skill in a development team lead or chief programmer.

Use good design and code inspections/reviews/walk-throughs

In addition to often being the only technique available buy more likes on instagram for determining the level of certain quality attributes, peer reviews, walk-throughs and inspections can significantly shorten the buy instagram likes for all pictures distance between the introduction of defects and their detection. When done well, inspections have been shown to find more defects than testing and also find different defects than testing. The qualifying buy followers and likes on instagram statement, when done well, is important. Done badly, inspections and reviews rapidly become argumentative, demoralising, intimidating, and soul-destroying wastes of time. It is worth, at the very least, can you buy instagram likes reading up on how to run inspections and reviews well, before attempting buy instagram likes monthly to introduce them into a team's development culture.

Use agreed compiler warnings, automated source code audits, and metrics

Static analysis tools like compiler warnings, buy real instagram followers and likes and automated audits and metrics can be very helpful in identifying potential problems in source code, buy automatic instagram likes and in spotting non-compliance with coding standards and idioms. However, they have to be targeted or they quickly become worthless. Agree as a team or organization buy instagram followers and likes package on the appropriate settings for compiler warnings and automated audits and metrics. Otherwise the results buy likes and followers on instagram of running them are as likely to confuse, frustrate, and waste time, as they are to help. Reporting hundreds of problems in source code that half the developers buy likes on instagram cheap do not consider to be problems is not constructive, will not get fixed, and may obscure reports of genuine problems. Developers are informed of potential problems buy instagram likes free trial whenever they compile or run the audits and metrics frequntly shortening the distance between the introduction buy real likes on instagram of problems and their detection. Clearing or justifying agreed compiler warnings, audits and metrics, should form part of the entry criteria for code inspections and reviews, and source control buy 30 instagram likes check-ins. Running the same audits and metrics in a regular build provides an additional level of enforcement of those entry criteria. One additional point: Demanding buy fast instagram likes and automatically checking code layout standards that are not supported by the code formatting features of the developers' editors is another example in futility and excessive idealism. Demanding buy instagram likes instantly developers layout code in a way that cannot be done by a single mouse-click to invoke a source code formatting tool, buy small instagram likes or will be broken by invoking the code formatter, is a ridiculous idea. For organizations that still require them, how to buy followers and likes on instagram it is a shame that none of the code formatters I am aware of,can i buy instagram likesare capable of generating documentation that can be published buy instagram likes cheap and fast as part of a team's coding standards.

Create and Run Automated Tests

Writing and regularly executing automated test code or scripts is an obvious way of locating buy cheap likes on instagram defects early. If a change introduces a defect that is caught by running one of the automated tests, buy 100 instagram likes cheap the problem can be solved before the change is committed to the team's source control system. Similarly, buy likes on instagram free automated integration tests can pick up problems during a nightly or weekly regular build, long before the defect finds buy instagram followers and likes cheap its way into a formal customer acceptance or system testing activity. Automated tests may be written manually using a buy 100 likes on instagram framework like JUnit or TestNG, or may be generated using a purpose- built testing tool. All the strategies above buy 1000 instagram likes shorten the distance between the introduction and detection of defects by building short feedback loops into the development buy instagram photo likes process. In many ways this is analogous to the use of closed control loops in industrial process control.

Apply analysis, design and implementation patterns

Apply analysis, design and implementation patterns to reuse proven solutions buy instagram picture likes in analysis, design and implementation. This strategy probably needs best site to buy instagram likes little explanation these days. Many developers are aware of and recognize the value of analysis, design and coding patterns. Using proven building blocks where to buy instagram likes reduces the likelihood of poor designs being chosen. As with compiler warnings and automated audits and metrics, buy spread instagram likes it is important to agree as a team and organization on the patterns and variations of patterns you are going to use. Without how to buy instagram followers and likes this agreement patterns lose much of their value because any so-called pattern can be applied whether it is appropriate or not. Too many people have taken the idea of design patterns too far, buy instagram likes for all photos resulting in many constructs of dubious value being called design patterns. The application of some common design buy instagram likes 50patterns can be found under the refactoring headings of programmers' editors and IDE's. The designers of the old Borland Together recognized the value of patterns very early on included a number of configurable buy instagram followers likes wizards that generated the skeleton code (and therefore the UML class diagrams in Together) for a number of useful analysis, buy 50 likes instagram design and coding patterns. Unfortunately, later product managers of Together how to buy likes for instagram dropped much of this major feature set instead buy monthly instagram likes of developing it further.

Communicate design clearly at all levels of abstraction

Communicate design clearly at all levels of abstraction using buy instagram auto likes the most appropriate means of communication: text, lists, tables and/or pictures. Miscommunication and misunderstanding are behind many significant defects in the analysis and design of software components and how can i buy likes on instagram systems. Reducing these problems can make a significant improvement in a systems internal and external quality. They say a picture is worth a thousand words but buy more instagram likes sometimes a simple list or a few lines of source code communicate far better than any number of pictures. A good software development team minimizes communication disconnects how do i buy likes on instagram and misunderstandings by using the most appropriate means available to communicate with the different roles and personalities within a development team and with the other stakeholders in a project. Again some tools can help buy automatic likes on instagram reduce the time and effort required to do this. These include tools that parse source code to help build buy followers and likes instagram UML-style class and interaction diagrams at various levels of detail, and tools thatbuy instagram 50 likes generate useful, up-to-date API reference documents and web pages.